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What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)? In human being formation of an embryo from a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm is a very complex phenomenon. The sperm of a man is a moving cell inside the body and it must reach to the egg at appropriate time to fertilize it as the released egg from ovary can survive for only 24 hours. At times this process doesn’t happen due to any of following problems in the man 1.   Sperm quantity may be too low – oligospermia 2.   Azoospermia- No sperms are found 3.   Defects in sperm movement – Asthenospermia 4.   Sperm cannot penetrate the egg due to a thick covering – thick zona Before a man’s sperm can fertilize a woman’s egg, the head of the sperm must attach to the zona of the egg. Once attached, the sperm penetrates through the outer layer to the inside of the egg (cytoplasm), where fertilization takes place. Sometimes the sperm cannot penetrate the outer layer, for a variety of reasons. The egg’s outer layer may

Role of prolactin in body                    It is during fertility evaluation many patients come to know about the importance of the hormone Prolactin. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It’s also known as PRL or lactogenic hormone. Prolactin is mainly used to help women produce milk after childbirth. It’s important for both male and female reproduction. The role of prolactin in female is related to milk secretion after childbirth. One of the main regulators of the production of prolactin from the pituitary gland is the hormone called dopamine, which is produced by the hypothalamus, the part of the brain directly above the pituitary gland. Dopamine reduces prolactin production, so the more dopamine there is, the less prolactin is released. Prolactin itself enhances the secretion of dopamine, so this creates a negative feedback loop. Oestrogen is another key regulator of prolactin and has been shown to increase the pr