Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is the most common form of loss of memory. AD is a degenerative
disease of the brain and the sixth leading cause of death in the elderly. Alzheimer’sdisease (AD) is one of the most common problems for old peoples, genetic
factors play a major role in determining a person’s risk to develop AD.
AD includes two thirds of all dementia. AD is a progressive and an age
dependent disease that leads to the irreversible loss of nerve cell,
particularly in the cortex and hippo-campus of the brain. The clinical factors
present progressive impairment in memory, judgment, decision making,
orientation to physical surroundings, and language. Although the exact
mechanism, prevention and treatment of this disease are under research
following few facts are worth sharing.
Cardiovascular
disease patients and individuals with history of head injury show higher AD
risk than normal.
A family
history of AD in the first-degree relatives leads to a positive correlation
with a fourfold increase in risk in developing the Alzheimer’s disease.
Ageing is
the most obvious risk factor for developing AD.
Environmental
factors like; education, traumatic injury, oxidative stress, drugs, and hormone
replacement can increase the risk of AD.
Metabolic
disorders like Diabetes Mellitus, High cholesterol, High blood pressure, heart
failure and stroke are major risk factors for AD.
Liver dysfunction increases the Aβ (abnormal amyloid-β) load
in blood as liver is the major organ responsible for system-wide metabolic
regulation, protein synthesis and metabolic detoxification. Liver tissue
from patients with AD contains less Aβ than that from healthy individuals. It
suggests damage to liver predisposes to Alzheimer’s Disease.
Kidney might participate in physiological clearance of Aβ by
filtering Aβ from blood to urine. Renal dysfunction probably leads to impaired
peripheral Aβ clearance and adds to the pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Patients with AD have an increased incidence of respiratory
disorders, such as bronchopneumonia, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and
sleep-disordered breathing.
Gut
microbiota disturbance and infection can also lead to AD and supplements with
probiotics improve cognitive function of brain in AD patients.
Chronic systemic inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis
and periodontitis are associated with elevated levels of C-reactive protein and
proinflammatory cytokines. These molecules could participate in AD pathogenesis
either directly, by affecting brain Aβ metabolism.
Diagnosis of
is expensive and is done by neuroimaging techniques along
with measurement of biomarkers in blood.
Currently, effective agents for AD prevention or treatment
are lacking. Systemic management of an individual's known risk factors, with
the aim of maintaining bodily homeostasis, might help to prevent or slow the
progression of AD.
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